启研学社由知名学者担任学术顾问，高校师生与企研数据科学团队联合组建，以大数据资源及相关技术助力中国学术与智库研究为宗旨的研究组织。团队当前的主要目标是挖掘经济社会大数据资源在学术和智库领域的应用价值，开展学术大数据治理研究，以及探索大数据分析技术融入中国经济社会研究的可行进路。
《Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy》2020年共发表了106篇文章，正式发表的有31篇，其余的均以online形式发布。其中研究对象涉及中国的有4篇，我们将这4篇文章的标题和摘要翻译出来供学习参考。Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy为农业经济与政策研究领域提供了一个平台，让相关领域的学者们可以在经济学框架内（an economic framework）讨论已有的和新出现的政策问题，为决策和决策界（the decision-making and policy-making community）提供信息。
AEPP欢迎学者就农业、动物、植物、人类健康、能源、环境、食品和消费者行为、国际发展、自然灾害、自然资源、人口和移徙以及区域和农村发展有关的公共政策主题提交研究成果。https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/20405804
Blockchain‐based traceability and demand for U.S. beef in ChinaWen Lin David L. Ortega Danielle Ufer Vincenzina Caputo Titus AwokuseAbstract：Amid stringent traceability requirements and a nearly 14‐year ban, the U.S. beef industry is rebuilding its market presence in China. Blockchain technology offers a responsive means of meeting Chinese import traceability requirements while also addressing consumers' food safety concerns. We evaluate Chinese demand for U.S. beef and blockchain‐based traceability and find that a sizeable segment of the market (37%) is willing to pay a premium for U.S. beef that is traceable using blockchains. Results indicate that investments in traceability systems that utilize blockchain technology may be an effective way for producers to capture a significant market share in China.Keywords：blockchain; Chinese consumers; country of origin; traceability; U.S. beef demand摘要：在严格的追溯要求和近14年的禁令下，美国牛肉行业正在重建其在中国的市场。区块链技术在满足中国进口追溯要求的同时，也消除了消费者对食品安全的担忧。我们评估了中国人对基于区块链可追溯性的美国牛肉的需求，发现有相当大一部分人(37%)愿意为使用区块链可追溯性的美国牛肉支付溢价。结果表明，对利用区块链技术的可追溯系统的投资来占据中国市场份额是一个有效的办法。关键词：区块链；中国消费者；原产地；可追溯性；美国牛肉需求The Case for Healthy U.S.-China Agricultural TradeRelations Despite Deglobalization Pressures尽管存在去全球化的压力，但美中农业贸易关系仍应保持健康Abstract：The COVID-19 pandemic is crippling the global economy and heightening distrust and political disagreements among major countries. Furthermore, ongoing deglobalization efforts taken by firms and countries are fueling the rise of economic nationalism. A prime example is the possible decoupling of U.S.-China economic and trade relations, which the ongoing trade war has already significantly disrupted. This paper analyzesthe impacts of COVID-19 on U.S. agricultural exports to China, especially the added delays and uncertainty on China’s food imports meeting the U.S.-China phase one trade deal target. I present the views of U.S. farmers and the general public toward China and argue that healthy U.S.-China agricultural trade relations are not only critical for both countries but welcomed by U.S. farmers. I also discuss the possible rise in non-tariff barriers following the pandemic as well as trade policies that are increasingly intertwined with political tensions. Finally, I discuss how the U.S.-China phase one trade deal could possibly lead to a more balanced bilateral agricultural trade portfolio with greater share of protein and retail food products.Keywords：Agricultural Trade; Trade War; COVID-19; Globalization; Supply Chain; Agricultural Export; Trade Policy摘要：新冠肺炎疫情严重影响全球经济，加剧了主要国家之间的不信任和政治分歧。此外，公司和国家正在进行的去全球化正在助长经济民族主义的兴起。一个典型的例子是美中经贸关系可能脱钩，目前的贸易战已经严重破坏了这种关系。本文分析了新冠肺炎对美国农产品对华出口的影响，特别是对中国食品进口达到美中第一阶段贸易协议目标的增加的延迟和不确定性。我阐述了美国农民和普通民众对中国的看法，认为良好的美中农业贸易关系不仅对两国至关重要，而且也受到美国农民的欢迎。我还讨论了在疫情之后非关税壁垒可能增加以及日益与政治紧张关系交织在一起的贸易政策。最后，我讨论了美中第一阶段贸易协定如何导致更平衡的双边农业贸易组合，使蛋白质和零售食品占更大份额。关键词：农产品贸易；贸易战；新冠肺炎；全球化；供应链；农产品出口；贸易政策（1）皮尤研究中心（资料来源：Pew Research Center）
皮尤研究中心（Pew Research Center）是美国的一间独立性民调机构，总部设于华盛顿特区。该中心对那些影响美国乃至世界的问题、态度与潮流提供信息资料。皮尤研究中心受皮尤慈善信托基金资助，是一个无倾向性（non-advocacy）的机构，而皮尤慈善信托基金既资助无倾向性项目，也资助倡议性项目。该中心主要研究项目有七大类，分别是人物与新闻、卓越新闻项目、互联网与美国生活项目、宗教和公共生活论坛、拉美裔中心、全球态度项目、社会与人口趋势。（2）美国农业部对外农业局（资料来源：美国农业部https://www.fsa.usda.gov/）对外农业服务局(FAS)将美国农业与世界联系起来，以增加出口机会和全球粮食安全。提供关于国外市场情况的客观情报，准备生产预测，评估出口机会，并跟踪影响美国农产品进出口的政策变化。提供的数据与分析包括：1.出口销售报告（ESR）：美国出口销售信息，按商品和目的地国家分类，每周更新；2.全球农业信息网（GAIN）：FAS海外办事处对影响农业生产和贸易问题的见解和分析；3.全球农业贸易体系（GATS）：农业、渔业、林业和纺织产品国际贸易的当前和历史数据；4.生产、供应和分销（PS&D）：美国及主要生产国和消费国的农产品生产、供应和分销数据。
COVID-19 and Fresh Produce Markets in the United States and ChinaMetin Çakır Department of Applied Economics University of Minnesota
Qingxiao Li Department of Applied Economics University of MinnesotaXiaoli Yang College of Economics and Management Shenyang Agricultural UniversityAbstract：This paper examines the impact of COVID-19 on fruits and vegetable prices in the United States and China in a difference-in-differences framework. Our main results show differing impacts of the pandemic on the U.S. and Chinese wholesale prices. We conclude that despite the unprecedented disruptions, the U.S. produce industry remained intact. However, the long-run effects could be mixed. We conjecture that the industry would stay resilient in the long-run by having gained practical know-how. Nevertheless, potential structural changes, such as changing household expenditure patterns due to income loss and increasing concentration in the foodservice market, could hurt the industry.Keywords：coronavirus pandemic, COVID-19, fruits and vegetables, produce market, supply chain摘要：本文在双重差分框架下研究了新冠肺炎对美国和中国果蔬价格的影响。结果显示，疫情对美国和中国批发价格的影响不同。我们的结论是，尽管出现了前所未有的混乱，但美国农产品行业仍未受到影响。然而，长期影响可能是喜忧参半的。我们推测，通过获得实用的技术，该行业将在长期保持弹性。虽然如此，潜在的结构变化，例如由于收入减少和餐饮服务市场的日益集中而改变的家庭支出模式，可能会损害该行业。关键词：冠状病毒大流行；新冠肺炎；果蔬；产品市场；供应链（1）美国农业部农业市场服务局（资料来源：美国农业部https://www.ams.usda.gov/）美国农业市场服务局(AMS)负责管理为美国食品、纤维和特种作物生产商创造国内和国际市场机会的项目。AMS也为农业行业提供有价值的服务，以确保全国和世界各地消费者的食品质量和可获得性。（2）中华人民共和国农业农村部（资料来源：http://www.moa.gov.cn/）中华人民共和国农业农村部，是国务院组成部门，根据第十三届全国人民代表大会第一次会议批准的《国务院机构改革方案》设立，主要负责统筹研究和组织实施“三农”工作战略、规划和政策，监督管理种植业、畜牧业、渔业、农垦、农业机械化、农产品质量安全，负责农业投资管理等。
Reflections of Food Policy Evolution over the Last Three DecadesShenggen Fan
College of Economics and Management at China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.Abstract：For thelast three decades, food policy in developing countries has evolved rapidly from a singular focus on producing more food to broader focus on protecting natural resources, reducing poverty and malnutrition, and promoting climate adap-tation and mitigation. Since receiving my PhD in the late 1980s, I have dedicated most of my research and research management to these policy issues. After 35 years aboard, I returned to my home country in 2020, where I work with my colleagues at China Agricultural University and continue to conduct policy research on trans-forming food systems for human and planetary health. This paper is my reflection of policy evolution over the last three decades.Keywords：Decentralization, Food policy, Food systems, Nutrition, Public investment.摘要：在过去的三十年里，发展中国家的粮食政策已经迅速地从单一的注重生产更多的粮食转变为更广泛的关注保护自然资源、减少贫困和营养不良以及促进适应气候和减轻气候变化。自上世纪80年代末获得博士学位以来，我的大部分研究和研究管理工作都致力于这些政策问题。在国外待了35年后，我在2020年回国，在中国农业大学与同事们一起工作，继续进行关于转变食品系统以促进人类和地球健康的政策研究。这篇文章是我对过去30年政策演变的思考。关键词：非集权化；粮食政策；食物系统；营养；公共投资1、The importance of institutional changes in agricultural production and productivity growth was not fully recognized until the late 1980s and early 1990s.For instance, the astonishing success of the Chinese agricultural reform by decentralizing agricultural production from collectives into individual house-holds triggered numerous studies unpacking the effects institutional reforms and technological change on productivity growth.
直到1980年代末和1990年代初，农业生产和生产力增长的体制改革的重要性才得到充分认识。例如，中国农业改革通过将农业生产从集体分散到家庭，取得了惊人的成功，引发了大量研究，揭示了制度改革的影响。2、China was another important case as the country was in rapid transition from a low-income to a middle-income economy after its agricultural reforms in rural areas. The question is whether public investment played a role in rapid agricultural growth and poverty reduction. Using a similar methodology, I conducted a multiyear research project with my coauthors by using provincial data from 1970 to 1997 (Fan et al. 2004). Research found that rural education has the largest impact on poverty reduction among all investments, largely due to the rapid migration and urbanization following economic liberalization（Fan, Zhang and Zhang 2002). More educated rural migrants could easily find a rural nonfarm job or migrate to urban areas. Agricultural research investment had the largest return on agricultural production, but its impact on poverty was second to rural education investment.在农村地区的农业改革后，中国是另外一个快速从低收入国家向中等收入国家转变的重要例子。问题是公共投资是否在农业增长和减贫中发挥重要作用。使用类似的方法，我和我的合作者利用1970年到1997年各省的数据进行了一个多年的研究项目(Fan et al. 2004)。研究发现，在所有投资中，教育对农村减贫的影响最大，这主要是由于经济自由之后的快速移民和城市化(Fan, Zhang, Zhang, 2002)。更多受教育的农民工可以很容易地在农村找到一份非农业工作或迁移到城市地区。农业研究投资对农业生产的回报最大，但是教育投资对贫困的影响仅次于农村教育投资。3、Western China was already less developed in many aspects before China joined WTO in 2001. Entering the WTO made the western region even more disadvantaged due to its distance from coastal cities, its harsh natural conditions,its poor infrastructure,and the lower education level of its citizens.在2001年中国加入WTO之前，中国西部地区在许多方面都比较落后。加入世贸组织使得西部地区由于远离沿海城市、恶劣的自然条件、落后的基础设施和较低的公民教育水平而处于更加不利的地位。
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文 | 许鹤
审核 | 杨奇明
排版编辑丨青酱
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